Hidden Dialectics

Sommerfeld-Goubau is an advancement of the single wire transmission Technology used to conduct radio waves at UHF and Microwave Frequencies developed in the late 1800's to early 1900's. Todays Sommerfeld Goubau launchers are comprised of a 2 Conical Shortwave trancievers placed physically on a power line. these these cones interact with each other by trancieving a THZ surface wave between them, this surface wave propagates the ambient Electromagnetic Radiation given off by the power-line itself as it conducts electricity. In between the launchers is what is known as a WaveGuide.
This allows the propagated radiation to be emitted perpendicular from the power-line in a Diffraction into Wave Form is capable of sending/receiving data & communications, wireless power transmission, multiplexing, etc. From these Launchers Facebook's system can receive and disperse Wireless energy. The waveform emmited from the wave guide are between frequencies between microwave ELF ( 300 MHz, mm λ) - UHF (0.5 - 20 THz, um λ).
Most notably, Goubau THz systems have been developed almost specifically for the BIOMEMs Field these frequencies are capable of being received by sub mm antennae. 2 of the foremost researchers in the field are alumni of The Lille 1 University of Science and Technology: Anthony TREIZEBRE,https://scholar.google.fr/citations?user=AS1CWnMAAAAJ&hl=en, & Bernard Bocquet,https://scholar.google.fr/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C44&q=Bernard+Bocquet.&btnG=.

Full Description of Sommerfeld Goubau found Below, https://thedailydialectics.com/sommerfeldgoubau/SommerfeldGoubau.php

Sommerfeld-Goubau:
Sommerfeld-Goubau is an advancement of the single wire transmission Technology used to conduct radio waves at UHF and Microwave Frequencies developed in the late 1800's to early 1900's.(2,3,4) The dielectric coated transmission line necessary for the intended function, was invented by F. Harms in 1907 and George J. E. Goubau (6) in 1950 (5) based on studies of surface waves on wires by Arnold N. Sommerfeld (7,8), a late 1800's era mathematician, "used as a feed-line at UHF to link high frequency transmitters and receivers to their antennas, and in scientific research." (1) Depicted in Fig.10, "The Goubau line itself consists of a single wire conductor coated with dielectric material.(2) Coupling to and from the G-line is done with conical metal "launchers “or "catchers", with their narrow ends connected for example to the shield of coaxial feed line, and with the transmission line passing through a hole in the conical tips (2) which are used to carry lower frequency radio signals, have high losses at the upper end of the UHF band, and are almost useless for distances over 100 feet (33 meters).(2) Goubau lines can serve as low loss antenna feed-lines at these frequencies, up to microwave frequencies where a wave-guide must be used."(2)
Figure 10



A G-line is a type of waveguide, rather than a wire in an electric circuit. The G-line functions by slowing the propagation velocity of EM waves below the free-space velocity, causing the wave fronts to slightly bend inwards towards the conductor, which keeps the waves entrained. Bends of large radius are tolerated, but too sharp a bend in the single wire will cause the line to radiate and lose energy into space. In theory the dielectric coating is a requirement, it slows the wave and focuses it along the wire. But some users note that in practice the finite conductivity of metals may produce a similar effect, and a bare G-line can entrain a propagating wave. Other structures besides horns have been used to couple radio waves into and out of Goubau lines; waves can be "launched" from planar structures like tapered coplanar waveguides at much higher frequencies, into the terahertz band. The dimension of the single metallic conductor is then typically 1 µm (9). The Goubau line conducts energy via one-dimensional electromagnetic surface waves, analogous to the two-dimensional surface waves called ground waves that carry the signal from MF AM broadcasting stations to home AM radios. The ability of surface waves to bend and follow the contour of a conductor explains why AM radio stations can be received on the far side of hills, and how over-the-horizon radar works.
Nano tech, for this technology, is integral to the system in both internal and external use cases. the Thz frequencies are of the right intensity to breach the skin, allowing transmission to reach potential tech inside of a subject to provide them with power and data transmission is an application that is not quiet in the field; "We present an approach for implanting radio frequency transmission lines in biological tissue, using a single insulated wire surrounded by tissue as a variant of the Goubau single-wire transmission line (SWTL) in air. We extend the Goubau SWTL model to include SWTLs surrounded by lossy dielectrics such as tissue by assuming a propagating mode component in the tissue." (10). also, when thinking about the propagation of the wave itself, a theoretical transmission system involving a line of MEMs to receive and out put the waves in a non-uniform chain can be achieved if each item were to engage in line of sight transmission with the concurrent receiver, this was, the wave can be transmitted substantial distances with absolute minimum loss.
The two most prevalent names I have run across in the field of Goubau development are Bertrand Bocquet, and Anthony Treizebré. who are noted in the very next reference to be affiliates of " Institute of Electronics Microelectronics and Nanotechnology (IEMN), UMR CNRS 8520, University of Lille 1, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France", noted in a paper expressing another unique feature of these Thz waves, that of an interferometer, I will link the paper I’m referring to, however, interferometry has a simple definition, "Interferometry is a family of techniques in which waves, usually electromagnetic waves, are superimposed causing the phenomenon of interference in order to extract information" (11) the paper describing the intent is relayed in "TERAHERTZ INTERFEROMETER FOR INTEGRATED GOUBAU-LINE WAVEGUIDES" (12).
Looking at a paper from 2009 entitled "A Microwave Dielectric Biosensor Based on Suspended Distributed MEMS Transmission Lines" (13) it seems that the daisy chain type transmission system via mems was shown to be more than a theory, "In this paper, a biosensor that is based on a distributed MEMS transmission line has been presented. The biosensor was assembled with a DMTL chip and a microchannel device that allows bio samples to interact with the electromagnetic field through the DMTL." (13)
One of the drawbacks of Thz waves has been water in the past, this I’m sure was a large factor in the prevention of this tech development before the past 2 decades, however, as of recent this has been overcome, There is another notable member of the Thz wave community who had a presentation to physics students in some university about microfilms of water being able to generate Thz waves. i cannot find the video however there seem to have been more findings corroborating precisely what he was explaining stating, "The key to getting liquid water to generate THz waves, as the scientists show in the new study, is to use a very thin (less than 200 μm-thick) free-flowing film of water.(14,15) depicted here:




Aside from barriers and subsequent penetration via various techniques developed, the technology itself has been synonymous with Electromagnetic surface waves. meaning that without physical barriers, the curvature of the earth is not a hindrance in that is will skim the surface of the earth along its course, this also attributes to its high efficiency on a base level. Why I mention this is to lead into the area of research it was involved in greatly before the existence of MEMs as we know them today. The DOD has extensive data on its use of EM surface waves minimally as an efficient radar jamming technique, also during that time period, 1960 - 1980, microwave weaponry was integral in naval defense. This likely explains why this technology is so scarcely known or understood. I will be providing both documents regarding military use as sources (16, and 17). Lastly, I will note that tesla had spoken of a wave that can skim the earth as to overcome being dissipated within the curvature. The more tenable comparison to that time period is that of a Zenneck wave, "At high frequencies, a type of surface wave called Zenneck waves can propagate along a surface. They travel better on some materials than others, but performance is best with a conductor covered in a dielectric material. As with wires, these surfaces can carry high bandwidth, are secure, do not cause interference, and require little power. But as with wireless communication, physical contact is not required." (18)

in conclusion, this is an incredibly multifaceted technology of the likes i cannot compare to much anything else. To poke a little further, look up Solaren space energy transmission system. The same philosophies of this Goubau system seem to line up perfectly with the requirements of such a long range transmission to be at all feasible. Food for thought. Enjoy the sources, please inform/ debate if inconsistencies are noticed, or that I’m just plain incorrect in some of my assumptions.

Googles Sommerfeld-Goubau Launchers:
https://patents.google.com/patent/US10044442B2/en
#US10044442B2: "Quasi-wireless communication system"is described in it's abstract as:
"A method for delivering a communication signal is disclosed. The method includes receiving, at an optical transceiver, an optical communication and constructing, at a baseband integrated circuit in communication with the optical transceiver, a radio frequency communication (e.g., the intermediate frequency data and control signals) based on the optical communication. The method also includes transmitting the radio frequency communication from a Sommerfeld-Goubau launcher in communication with the baseband integrated circuit as a surface wave along a power line to a strand mount device disposed on the power line. The strand mount device is configured to receive the radio frequency communication and wirelessly transmit the radio frequency communication (e.g., via a wireless link) to a user device."
in light of the fact that power lines emit EM radiation, it seems the choice was made to install the tech on power lines. The Launchers propagate ambient electromagnetic radiation via 2 conical "launchers" placed on the powerlines,between these launchers is a wave guide, depicted here. the process will be laid out in the patents below:
https://patents.google.com/patent/US10044442B2/en
US10044442B2 : https://thedailydialectics.com/sommerfeldgoubau/PICS/PatentThumb/US20170237497A1.png

goubau waveform:

Launcher Setup:

wave guide

The Depictions provided from the patent documentation are displayed here:
https://thedailydialectics.com/BOOTSTRAP/Google/GoogleUS10044442FIG.php
https://thedailydialectics.com/BOOTSTRAP/Google/GoogleUS10044442Description.php
The wave guide allows the propagated EM radiation to be transmitted in ranges up to a terahertz microwave frequency. Sommerfeld Goubau is originally a single wire transmission technology. In the 1950s a gentleman named George Goubau added a waveguide mechanism in between the 2 conical emitters/receivers. Since, it has been close to the chest within the DOD ad government projects. As of late google has found implementations for it. Not only can it transmit wireless energy if met with a line of sight receiver, which Facebook has built, it is capable of x-ray type viewing, interferometry, and a plethora of other uses.

FACEBOOK:
Facebook and Googles' surface wave patents have shared the inventor between them; Karthik Yogeeswaran. Upon investigating how a Goubau wave can produce wireless power, it would need to be met with a line of sight receiver. the patents are put forth under the guise of expediting larger more strenuous data transfer in a precise manner. no doubt it indeed can and will do exactly that, there are many applications for this tech.
The line of sight system is comprised of 4 square tranceivers each directly in sight 90° in rotation from one another. these are set up as a containment grid for a large dense wave form defined by curvature between within the square grids. A domed emitter is within the boundary of these transceivers, this emitts a waveform at a frequency tuned specifically to ride along the curvature of the central standing wave enabling it to be received on 3 dimensional coordinates with precision.
"Various of the disclosed embodiments relate to line-of-sight (LOS), e.g., optical, based networks. Particularly, systems and methods are provided for aligning nodes in a line-of-sight communication network with their peers. The nodes may be placed and passively aligned with one another as position information is passed between peers. The elevation indicated in the position information may be refined based upon relative barometric pressure readings between peers. In a next phase, isolated networks of nodes may be integrated with the network of nodes contacting the Internet backbone. Finally, routing algorithms may be implemented to address weather effects (e.g., fog) and congestion to optimize network service."
" For example, fog 2905 may be impenetrable at optical wavelengths, but not a microwave wavelength. Accordingly, nodes 2910 a and 2910 b may switch to another communication medium (e.g., microwave) until the condition abates."




the refferenced patents are found here:
Alignment in Line-Of-Sight Communication Networks

US20160134372A1:
https://patents.google.com/patent/US20160134372A1/en


US20170223605A1:
https://patents.google.com/patent/US20170223605A1/en


US20180062741A1:
https://patents.google.com/patent/US20180062741A1/en

US9661552B2:
https://patents.google.com/patent/US9661552B2/en


Association in Line-Of-Sight Communication Networks
EP3018862A1:
https://patents.google.com/patent/EP3018862A1/en


https://patents.google.com/patent/EP3018862A1/en


"Various of the disclosed embodiments relate to line-of-sight (LOS), e.g., optical, based networks. Systems and methods for determining where to place and how to configure nodes in an optically connected network across a geographic region are provided. Various factors concerning the region may be collected, including, e.g.,: building locations and height, building types, population densities, backbone connection locations, recurring weather factors, geographic elevation, etc. The algorithm may iteratively place nodes based upon the accessible range of a preceding contemplated node position."

Generating recommended search queries on online social networks
US8949250B1:
https://patents.google.com/patent/US8949250B1/en

"Various of the disclosed embodiments relate to line-of-sight (LOS), e.g., optical, based networks. Systems and methods are provided for connecting nodes based on their topological position in a line-of-sight communication network. Some embodiments may represent each node by a "backbone" and a "subnetwork" rank. The determination of a node's rank can prevent the formation of isolated "islands" of nodes, cut off from the backbone. The ranking can also provide a total ordering of nodes relative to the "fiberpop" node which can be used for healing and routing behaviors. "

Deploying line-of-sight communication networks
US20160134373A1:
https://patents.google.com/patent/US20160134373A1/en


US20160134373A1:
https://patents.google.com/patent/US20160134373A1/en


US20180013491A1:
https://patents.google.com/patent/US20180013491A1/en

" Various of the disclosed embodiment's relate to line-of-sight (LOS), e.g., optical, based networks. Particularly, systems and methods are provided for aligning nodes in a line-of-sight communication network with their peers. The nodes may be placed and passively aligned with one another as position information is passed between peers. The elevation indicated in the position information may be refined based upon relative barometric pressure readings between peers. In a next phase, isolated networks of nodes may be integrated with the network of nodes contacting the Internet backbone. Finally, routing algorithms may be implemented to address weather effects (e.g., fog) and congestion to optimize network service. "

https://patents.google.com/patent/US10044442B2/en
#US10044442B2 Quasi-wireless communication system

For Patent information & display see:
https://thedailydialectics.com/sommerfeldgoubau/Facebook
Confirmation of Facebooks LOS systems ability to interact with microwave frequencies was found in
US20170223605A1: Alignment in Line-Of-Sight Communication Networks
https://patents.google.com/patent/US20170223605A1/en

https://thedailydialectics.com/sommerfeldgoubau/Facebook#US20170223605A1
citation #0129
"For example, fog 2905 may be impenetrable at optical wavelengths, but not a microwave wavelength. Accordingly, nodes 2910 a and 2910 b may switch to another communication medium (e.g., microwave) until the condition abates."
Confirmation of Facebooks development of wireless power transmission lies in an unsuspecting patent created prior to the development of the LOS systems describing its method power generation from receiving a wireless transmission of THz Microwave frequencies. aptly named:
https://patents.google.com/patent/US8949250B1/en
Generating recommended search queries on online social networks US8949250B1"
which states:
" Antennae 134A-B are components that convert electric current into radio waves, and vice versa. During transmission of signals, a transmitter applies an oscillating radio frequency (RF) electric current to terminals of antenna 134A-B, and antenna 134A-B radiates the energy of the applied the current as electromagnetic (EM) waves. During reception of signals, antennae 134A-B convert the power of an incoming EM into a voltage at the terminals of antennae 134A-B. The voltage may be transmitted to a receiver for amplification."

V.S.

https://www.cornellcollege.edu/physics-and-engineering/pdfs/phy-312/mandip-sibakoti.pdf
"Wireless Power Transmission Using Magnetic Resonance"
"1.3 INTENDED GOALS Our primary goal was to be able to wirelessly transfer power (in watts) of an AC oscillating waveform into a DC voltage on the receiving end, which could be used to power an electrical load (in watts) to demonstrate instantaneous power transfer. To do this, we intended to design a tunable oscillator capable of generating frequency in the RF band (1MHZ –20 MHz) and a power amplifier to supply enough power to be transmitted for powering the electrical load. In addition to this, we also intended to demonstrate the evanescent waves by the illustration of an exponential relationship of power transmitted to the receiver as a function of distance of separation between the receiver and transmitter coils"
both of which are found below:

US8949250B1
https://patents.google.com/patent/US8949250B1/en


https://www.cornellcollege.edu/physics-and-engineering/pdfs/phy-312/mandip-sibakoti.pdf
(pdf)-Wireless Power Transmission Using Magnetic Resonance


interoperability between facebooks LOS systems and Googles Goubau launchers remains ambiguous by design. however, the fundamentals alone suggest that the 2 are capable of interacting with each other in lieu of communications system in which wireless power can be supplied and transmitted. The few key tells within them are spread thin. Facebook for instance has around 9 patents for the system, each having minor almost unnoticeable differences. this is not a quick read kind of thing.

FACEBOOKS incorporation of Microelectromechanical systems:
the CO-inventor however i had not looked into until tonight, Yael G Miguire. Yael G Miguire is the Director Of Engineering at Facebook. His display publication on his linkedin, https://www.linkedin.com/in/yael-maguire-9547343, is:
Physical Principles for Scalable Neural Recording
https://arxiv.org/abs/1306.5709

Simultaneously measuring the activities of all neurons in a mammalian brain at millisecond resolution is a challenge beyond the limits of existing techniques in neuroscience. Entirely new approaches may be required, motivating an analysis of the fundamental physical constraints on the problem. We outline the physical principles governing brain activity mapping using optical, electrical, magnetic resonance, and molecular modalities of neural recording. Focusing on the mouse brain, we analyze the scalability of each method, concentrating on the limitations imposed by spatiotemporal resolution, energy dissipation, and volume displacement. We also study the physics of powering and communicating with micro-scale devices embedded in brain tissue.

THE PERIMETER:
regarding Facebooks systems. The perimeter is laid out by 4 transmitters, one on each corner, found in Fig 1. I noticed around my city in populated areas there are square transceivers on the streetlights generally mounted 2 per street corner rotated 90 degrees from each other, picture is linked. I felt that these may be used to create the perimeter in Facebooks System.
square transceivers found here:



the device had the words OPENWAY on them. i looked up at description, and it turns out this is an itron product, the same company that produced the smart meters. I believe these devices are used to relay streetlight data, camera footage, power grid info, etc. however, Taking into account the company itself, as well as the layout of these devices when compared to the layout of the LOS system, i believe it's reasonable infer that they are one in the same.
https://www.itron.com/na/technology/product-services-catalog/products/4/e/c/openway-centron
OpenWay-Itron Page
Upon viewing Yael Maguires facebook resrearch page, https://research.fb.com/people/maguire-yael/ , it was found that these square trancievers, called Terragraph, https://code.fb.com/connectivity/introducing-facebook-s-new-terrestrial-connectivity-systems-terragraph-and-project-aries/ , are indeed the trancievers sought for implimentation by the research project in 2017; "Terragraph is a 60 GHz, multi-node wireless system focused on bringing high-speed internet connectivity to dense urban areas. Utilizing commercial off-the-shelf components and leveraging the cloud for intensive data processing, the Terragraph system is optimized for high-volume, low-cost production."

https://code.fb.com/connectivity/introducing-facebook-s-new-terrestrial-connectivity-systems-terragraph-and-project-aries/

https://research.fb.com/people/maguire-yael/

Wave 2:


Sommerfeld-Goubau systems: History of Development

for military applications and use history see meore here:
https://thedailydialectics.com/sommerfeldgoubau/MilitaryTech
DOD surface wave, and microwave documents

Sources:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goubau_line
1) Yeh, C.; Shimabukuro, F. (2000). The Essence of Dielectric Waveguides. Springer Science & Business Media.
2) Straw, R. Dean, Ed. (2000). The ARRL Antenna Book, 19th Ed. pp. 18.2–18.3. ISBN 0872598179
3) Lieberman, Leonard (April 1955). "The G-Line Antenna Lead-In" (PDF). Radio and Television News. New York: Ziff-Davis Publishing Co. 53 (4): 124–125. Retrieved September 14, 2014.
4) Griffith, B. Whitfield, Jr. (2000). Radio-electronic Transmission Fundamentals. SciTech Publishing. pp. 307–308. ISBN 1884932134.
5) Harms, F. (1907). "Elektromagnetische Wellen an einem Draht mit isolierender zylindrischer Hulle" [Electromagnetic waves on a wire with a cylindrical insulating sheath]. Annalen der Physik. 23. doi:10.1002/andp.19073280603. cited in Stulle, Bergoz 2012 The Goubau line, p.148
6) Goubau, G. (1950). "Surface waves and their application to transmission lines". Jour. of Applied Physics. Amer. Inst. of Physics. 21: 119. cited in Stulle, Bergoz 2012 The Goubau line, p.148
7) Sommerfeld, A. (1899). "Ueber die Fortpflanzung elektrodynamischer Wellen langs eines Drahts". Annalen der Physik und Chemie. 67: 233. cited in Stulle, Bergoz 2012 The Goubau line, p.148
8) Stulle, F.; Bergoz, J. (April 15–19, 2012). "The Goubau line - Surface waves for bench testing of beam instrumentation at high frequencies" (PDF). Newport News, Virginia: Joint Accelerator Conferences Website: 146–148. ISBN 978-3-95450-121-2. Retrieved September 15, 2014.
9) T. Akalin, “High Resolution Biosensor based on Surface Wave Transmission Lines at THz Frequencies”, 35th European Microwave Conf., 3-7 Oct. 2005, Paris, France and T. Akalin, "Single-wire transmission lines at terahertz frequencies", IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques (IEEE-MTT), Volume 54, Issue 6, June 2006 Page(s): 2762 - 276

FROM VARIOUS SOURCES: 10) "Single-wire radio frequency transmission lines in biological tissue"
https://aip.scitation.org/doi/pdf/10.1063/1.4919799?class=pdf

11) "wiki: Interferometry"
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferometry

12)"Single-wire radio frequency transmission lines in biological tissue"
https://aip.scitation.org/doi/pdf/10.1063/1.4919799?class=pdf

13)"A Microwave Dielectric Biosensor Based on Suspended Distributed MEMS Transmission Lines"
https://pureportal.strath.ac.uk/files-asset/402020/senj.pdf

14)"Once thought impossible, scientists demonstrate that liquid water can generate THz waves"
https://phys.org/news/2017-08-thought-impossible-scientists-liquid-thz.html

15) "Generating terahertz radiation from water makes 'the impossible, possible'"
https://phys.org/news/2017-09-terahertz-impossible.html

16) "DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE: Electromagnetic Compatibility Analysis Center"
http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a220565.pdf

17)"Industrial Assessment of the Microwave Power Tube Industry April"
http://www.triodeel.com/images/tubeassessment.pdf

18) "Skimming the Surface: The Return of Tesla's Surface Waves"
https://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/infrastructure/a8778/skimming-the-surface-the-return-of-teslas-surface-waves-15322250/
popularmechanics.com/
Patent links:

US20180013491A1: Deploying line-of-sight communication networks
https://patents.google.com/patent/US20180013491A1/en

US20180062741A1: Alignment in Line-Of-Sight Communication Networks
https://patents.google.com/patent/US20180062741A1/en

US20170223605A1: Alignment in Line-Of-Sight Communication Networks
https://patents.google.com/patent/US20170223605A1/en

EP3018862A1: Association in Line-Of-Sight Communication Networks
https://patents.google.com/patent/EP3018862A1/en

EP3018862A1: Association in Line-Of-Sight Communication Networks
https://patents.google.com/patent/EP3018862A1/en

US20160134373A1: Deploying line-of-sight communication networks
https://patents.google.com/patent/US20160134373A1/en

US20160134373A1: Deploying line-of-sight communication network
https://patents.google.com/patent/US20160134373A1/en

US20160134372A1: Alignment in line-of-sight communication networks
https://patents.google.com/patent/US20160134372A1/en

US9661552B2: Alignment in Line-Of-Sight Communication Networks
https://patents.google.com/patent/US9661552B2/en

US8949250B1: Generating recommended search queries on online social networks
https://patents.google.com/patent/US8949250B1/en

US10044442B2 Quasi-wireless communication system
https://patents.google.com/patent/US10044442B2/en

Internal links:

OpenWay-Itron Page
https://www.itron.com/na/technology/product-services-catalog/products/4/e/c/openway-centron

Facebook patent catalog and info
https://thedailydialectics.com/sommerfeldgoubau/Facebook

Google patent and info
https://thedailydialectics.com/sommerfeldgoubau/Google

Karthik Yogeeswaran patent history
https://patents.justia.com/inventor/karthik-yogeeswaran

physical Principles for Scalable Neural Recording
https://arxiv.org/abs/1306.5709

Yael G Miguira linkden
https://www.linkedin.com/in/yael-maguire-9547343

Sommerfeld Goubau
https://thedailydialectics.com/sommerfeldgoubau/SommerfeldGoubau

Electromagnetic Surface Waves
https://thedailydialectics.com/sommerfeldgoubau/SurfaceWaves

MEMs
https://thedailydialectics.com/MEMs/MEMs

A History of wireless power(Tesla - Goubau)
https://thedailydialectics.com/NikolaTesla/TeslaANDGoubau

An initial synopsis of mine
https://thedailydialectics.com/sommerfeldgoubau/GoubauReality